BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chad


Chapter 1

Bjørkelo, Anders J. State and Society in Three Central Sudanic
     Kingdoms: Kanem-Bornu, Bagirmi, and Wadai. Bergen,
     Norway: University of Bergen, 1976.

Brenner, Louis. The Shehus of Kukawa. Oxford: Clarendon
     Press, 1973.

Buijtenhuijs, Robert. Le Frolinat et les révoltes populaires du
     Tchad, 1965-1976. The Hague: Mouton, 1978.

Cordell, Dennis D. Dar al-Kuti and the Last Years of the 
     Trans-Saharan Slave Trade. Madison: University of
     Wisconsin Press, 1985.

------. "Extracting People from Precapitalist Production: French
     Equatorial Africa from the 1890s to the 1930s." Pages 137-52
     in Dennis D. Cordell and Joel W. Gregory (eds.), African
     Population and Capitalism: Historical Perspectives.
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.

Curtin, Philip, Steven Feierman, Leonard Thompson, and Jan Vansina.
     African History. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978.

Decalo, Samuel. Historical Dictionary of Chad. (2d ed.)
     Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.

------. "Regionalism, Political Decay, and Civil Strife in Chad,"
     Journal of Modern African Studies [London], 18, No.
     1, March 1980, 23-56.

Fisher, H.J. "The Central Sahara and Sudan." Pages 58-141 in
     Richard Gray (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa,
     4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

------. "The Eastern Maghrib and Central Sudan." Pages 232-330 in
     Roland Oliver (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa,
     3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.

Foltz, William J. Chad's Third Republic: Strengths, Problems,
     and Prospects. (CSIS Africa Notes, No. 77.) Washington:
     Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1987.

July, Robert W. A History of the African People. New York:
     Scribner's, 1980.

Kelley, Michael P. A State in Disarray: Conditions of Chad's
     Survival. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.

Lanne, Bernard. Tchad-Libye: La querelle des frontières.
     Paris: Karthala, 1982.

Le Cornec, Jacques. Histoire politique du Tchad de 1900 à
     1962. Paris: Libraire générale de droit et de
     jurisprudence, 1963.

Lemarchand, René. "Chad: The Misadventures of the North-South
     Dialectic," African Studies Review, 29, No. 3,
     September 1986, 27-41.

Levtzion, Nehemia. "The Sahara and the Sudan from the Arab Conquest
     of the Maghrib to the Rise of the Almoravids." Pages 637-84 in
     J.D. Fage (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa, 2.
     Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

Rondos, Alex. Why Chad? (CSIS Africa Notes, No. 18.)
     Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies,
     1983.

Thompson, Virginia M., and Richard Adloff. Conflict in
     Chad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

------. The Emerging States of French Equatorial Africa.
     Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960.

Weinstein, Brian. Eboué. New York: Oxford University
     Press, 1972.

Zeltner, Jean-Claude. Pages d'histoire du Kanem: Pays
     tchadien. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1980.

Chapter 2

Bouquet, Christian. Tchad: La genèse d'un conflit. Paris:
     L'Harmattan, 1982.

Bret, René-Joseph. Vie du Sultan Mohamed Bakhit, 1856-1916: La
     pénétration française au Dar Sila, Tchad. Paris: Editions
     du centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1987.

Britannica Book of the Year, 1988. (Eds., Daphne Daume and
     Louise Watson.) Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1988.

Cabot, Jean. Atlas practique du Tchad. Paris: Institut de
     géographie national, 1972.

Cabot, Jean, and Christian Bouquet. Le Tchad. Paris:
     Presses universitaires de France, 1973.

Chad. Ministry of Planning and Reconstruction. Tchad: Relance
     économique en chiffres. N'Djamena, Chad: 1983.

Chapelle, Jean. Nomads noirs du Sahara. Paris: Plon, 1958.

------. Le peuple tchadien: Ses racines et sa vie
     quotidienne. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1980.

Christopher, John. Islamic Civilization. New York: Harper
     and Row, 1971.

Cordell, Dennis D. "The Awlad Sulayman of Libya and Chad: Power and
     Adaptation in the Sahara and Sahel," Canadian Journal of
     African Studies (Revue canadienne des études africaines)
     [Montreal], 19, No. 1, 1985, 319-43.

------. Dar al-Kuti and the Last Years of the Trans-Saharan
     Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,
     1985.

------. "Extracting People from Precapitalist Production: French
     Equatorial Africa from the 1890s to the 1930s." Pages 137-52
     in Dennis D. Cordell and Joel W. Gregory (eds.), African
     Population and Capitalism: Historical Perspectives.
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.

------. "The Savannas of North-Central Africa." Pages 30-74 in
     David Birmingham and Phyllis Martin (eds.), History of
     Central Africa. London: Longman, 1983.

Decalo, Samuel. Historical Dictionary of Chad. (2d ed.)
     Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.

Dumas-Champion, Françoise. Les Masa du Tchad: Bétail et
     société. Paris: Maison des sciences de l'homme, 1983.

Greenberg, Joseph. The Languages of Africa. Bloomington:
     Indiana University Press, 1966.

Hiernaux, J. Les populations du Moyen-Chari. Fort-Lamy,
     Chad: Institut national tchadien des sciences humaines, 1967.

Jaulin, Robert. La mort sara. Paris: Plon, 1971.

Lange, Dierk. Chronologie et histoire d'un royaume
     africain. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1977.

Lebeuf, Annie M.D. Les principautés Kotoko. Paris: Centre
     national de la recherche scientifique, 1969.

Le Rouvreur, Albert. Sahéliens et sahariens du Tchad.
     Paris: Berger Levrault, 1962.

Lovejoy, Paul. Salt of the Desert Sun: A History of Salt
     Production and Trade in the Central Sudan. Cambridge:
     Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Magnant, Jean-Pierre. La terre sara, terre tchadienne.
     Paris: L'Harmattan, 1986.

Murphy, Elaine M. World Population: Toward the Next
     Century. Washington: Population Reference Bureau, 1985.

Ouaidou, Nassour G. Situation démographique des états membres
     du CILSS. Bamako, Mali: Institut du Sahel, 1984.

Population Reference Bureau. World Population Data Sheet,
     1987. Washington: 1987.

Sautter, Gilles. "Notes sur la construction du chemin de fer 
     Congo-Océan (1921-1934)," Cahiers d'études africaines
     [Paris], 7, No. 26, 219-99.

Sillans, Roger. Les savanes de l'Afrique centrale. Paris:
     Chevalier, 1958.

Tubiana, Marie-José. Survivances pré-islamiques en pays
     zaghawa. Paris: Institut d'ethnologie, 1964.

Works, John A., Jr. Pilgrims in a Strange Land: Hausa
     Communities in Chad. New York: Columbia University Press,
     1976.

Zeltner, Jean-Claude. Les Arabes dans la région du Lac
     Tchad. Sarh, Chad: Collège Charles Lwanga, 1977.

Chapter 3

Assegninov, S., and J. Hervieu. Mils et Sorghos du Tchad.
     (Report No. 7.) N'Djamena, Chad: Centre ORSTOM de N'Djamena,
     1975.

Azevedo, Mario J. "Foreign Assistance and Dependence: Post-Colonial
     Chad, 1960-85," Journal of African Studies, 13, No.
     3, 1986, 102-10.

Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale. Etudes et
     Statistiques [Yaoundé, Cameroon], No. 128, January 1986,
     3-14.

Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale. Etudes et
     Statistiques [Yaoundé, Cameroon], No. 120, March 1985,
     55-98.

Bouquet, Christian. Tchad: La genèse d'un conflit. Paris:
     L'Harmattan, 1982.

Brandily, M. "Le Tchad face nord, 1978-1979," Politique
     africaine [Paris], No. 16, December 1984, 45-65.

Buijtenhuijs, Robert. "Le Frolinat à l'épreuve du pouvoir,"
     Politique africaine [Paris], No. 16, December 1984,
     15-29.

Cabot, Jean, and Christian Bouquet. Le Tchad: Que sais-je?
     Vendôme: Presses Universitaires de France, 1978.

Caprile, J.P. L'homme et le milieu, aspects du développement au
     Tchad. N'Djamena, Chad: Annales de l'Université du Tchad,
     1975.

Chad. Ministry of Planning and Reconstruction. Tchad: Relance
     économique en chiffres. N'Djamena, Chad: 1983.

-----. Ministry of State for Agriculture and Rural Development.
     Bilan programme des productions végétales pluviales et
     irriguées du Tchad. N'Djamena, Chad: 1984.

-----. Pâturages du Kanem. Paris: 1975.

"Chad." Pages 350-69 in Africa South of the Sahara, 1988.
     London: Europa, 1987.

"Chad." Pages B201-12 in Colin Legum (ed.), Africa Contemporary
     Record, 1985-1986. New York: Africana, 1987.

"Chad--Country Report," Courier [Brussels], No. 102, 1987,
     36-43.

Chapelle, Jean. Le peuple tchadien: Ses racines et sa vie
     quotidienne. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1980.

Cornu, A. Les ressources en proteines an Tchad: Disponibilités
     et orientations nouvelles. N'Djamena, Chad: Centre ORSTOM
     de N'Djamena, 1975.

Fieldhouse, D.K. "The Economics of French Empire," Journal of
     African History [London], No. 27, 1986, 169-72.

France. Institut d'élevage et de médicine vétérinaire des pays
     tropicaux. Pâturages du Batha. Paris: 1975.

Gatta, Gali Ngothé. Tchad: Guerre civile et désagrégation de
     l'état. Paris: Présence africaine, 1985.

International Monetary Fund. Annual Report on Exchange
     Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions, 1987. Washington:
     1986.

-----. Balance of Payments Yearbook, 36, Pt. 1.
     Washington: 1985.

-----. Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, 1986.
     Washington: 1987.

-----. International Financial Statistics. Washington:
     February 1986.

-----. International Financial Statistics. Washington:
     June 1987.

Kelley, Michael P. A State in Disarray: Conditions of Chad's
     Survival. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.

Lanne, Bernard. "Le sud, l'état, et la révolution," Politique
     africaine [Paris], No. 16, December 1984, 30-44.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
     Geographic Distribution of Financial Flows to Developing
     Countries, 1982-85. Paris: 1987.

Stürzinger, Ulrich. "Au Tchad: Coton et développement," Revue
     tiers-monde [Paris], 24, No. 95, July-September 1983,
     643-52.

Tobias, C. Utilisation du sol et possibilités d'irrigation dans
     la région de N'Djamena. (Report No. 13.) N'Djamena, Chad:
     Centre ORSTOM de N'Djamena, 1976.

United Nations. Department of International Economic and Social
     Affairs. Handbook of International Trade and Development
     Statistics, Supplement 1986. New York: 1987.

------. Food and Agriculture Organization. Country Tables,
     1987: Basic Data on the Agriculture Sector. Rome: 1987.

------. Food and Agriculture Organization. Food and Agriculture
     Organization Yearbook. Rome: 1985.

-----. Food and Agriculture Organization. Yearbook of Fishery
     Statistics, 1985. 61. Rome: 1987.

-----. Food and Agriculture Organization. Yearbook of Forest
     Products, 1974-85. Rome: 1986.

------. International Labour Office. Economically Active
     Population: Estimates and Projections, 1950-2025, 2.
     Geneva: 1986.

United States. Agency for International Development. Annual
     Budget Submission, FY 1986: Chad. Washington: 1984.

-----. Annual Budget Submission, FY 1987: Chad.
     Washington: 1985.

-----. Annual Budget Submission, FY 1989: Chad.
     Washington: 1987.

-----. Chad: Country Development Strategy Statement, FY
     1986. Washington: 1984.

-----. Famine Early Warning System Country Report: Chad.
     (Report No. 12.) Washington: 1987.

World Bank. Chad: Economic Situation and Priorities.
     (Report No. 6785-CH.) Washington: 1987.

-----. World Debt Tables: External Debt of Developing
     Countries, 1986-87. Washington: 1987.

   (Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Africa Economic Digest
[London]; Bulletin de l'Afrique noire [Paris];
Economie développement [N'Djamena, Chad]; Economist
Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Cameroon, CAR, Chad
[London]; and Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens
[Paris].)

Chapter 4

Aurillac, Michel. "France-Tchad: L'Afrique au coeur," Politique
     internationale [Paris], No. 39, Spring 1988, 157-63.

Azevedo, Mario J. "The Post-Ahidjo Era in Cameroon," Current
     History, 86, No. 520, May 1987, 217-20, 229-30.

Azevedo, Mario J., and Gwendolyn Prater. "Foreign Assistance and
     Dependence: Post-Colonial Chad, 1960-1985," Journal of
     African Studies, 13, No. 3, Fall 1986, 102-10.

Azonga, Tikum Mbah. "Back to Square One?" West Africa
     [London], No. 3689, April 25, 1988, 730.

-----. "A New Dimension," West Africa [London], No. 3655,
     August 31, 1987, 1678-79.

Bach, David. "Le Nigeria et le Tchad," Politique africaine
     [Paris], No. 16, December 1984, 125-28.

Buijtenhuijs, Robert. "L'Art de menager la chèvre et le chou: La
     politique tchadienne de François Mitterrand," Politique
     africaine [Paris], No. 16, December 1984, 86-101.

------. Le Frolinat et les révoltes populaires du Tchad,
     1965-1976. The Mague: Mouton, 1978.

"Chad." Africa Economic Digest [London], 9, No. 23, June
     17, 1988, 10.

"Chad." Pages B201-12 in Colin Legum (ed.), Africa Contemporary
     Record, 1985-1986, New York: Africana, 1987.

"Chad: Carrot and Stick," Africa Confidential [London],
     28, No. 17, August 17, 1987, 5-6.

"Chad: Habré and the Hadjerai," Africa Confidential 
     [London], 29, No. 2, January 22, 1988, 7.

"Chad: Out with the New, In with the Old," New African
     [London], No. 227, August 1986, 26.

"Chad: The Last Round," Africa Confidential [London], 28,
     No. 4, February 18, 1987, 1-2.

Clements, John. Clements' Encyclopedia of World
     Governments, 7. Dallas: Political Research, 1986.

Daddieh, Cyril Kofie, and Timothy M. Shaw. "The Political Economy
     of Decision-Making in African Foreign Policy." Pages 61-85 in
     Bahgat Korany (ed.), How Foreign Policy Decisions Are Made
     in the Third World. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
     1986.

Decalo, Samuel. Historical Dictionary of Chad. (2d ed.)
     Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.

Diallo, Siradiou. "Tchad: Houphouët s'en mêle," Jeune
     Afrique [Paris], No. 1382, July 1, 1987, 28-32.

Diamond, Larry, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset.
     Democracy in Developing Countries, 2: Africa.
     Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1988.

Doornbos, P. "La révolution dérapée," Politique africaine
     [Paris], No. 7, September 1982, 5-13.

Doucet, Lyse. "Trying to Put the Pieces Together Again . . .,"
     West Africa [London], No. 3638, May 4, 1987, 862-64.

El-Kikhia, Mansour O. "Chad: The Same Old Story," Journal of
     African Studies, 10, No. 4, Winter 1983-84, 127-35.

Foltz, William J. Chad's Third Republic: Strengths, Problems,
     and Prospects. (CSIS Africa Notes, No. 77.) Washington:
     Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1987.

Gatta, Gali Ngothé. Tchad: Guerre civile et désagrégation de
     l'état. Paris: Présence africaine, 1985.

Gérard, Alain. "Nimeiry face aux crises tchadiennes," Politique
     africaine [Paris], No. 16, December 1984, 118-24.

Gibour, Jean. "Le conflit du Tchad," Défense nationale
     [Paris], June 1985, 127-38.

Hoche, Christian. "Tchad: L'Allié déchainé," L'Express
     [Paris], September 18, 1987, 16-17.

Jackson, Robert H., and Carl G. Rosberg. Personal Rule in Black
     Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

James, Franziska. "Habré's Hour of Glory," Africa Report,
     32, No. 5, September-October 1987, 20-23.

"Le jardin privé du `camarade president'," Jeune Afrique
     [Paris], No. 1367, March 18, 1987, 28-29.

Kelley, Michael P. A State in Disarray: Conditions of Chad's
     Survival. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.

Lafaye, Jean-Jacques. "Consolider la victoire (Entretien avec le
     President Hissène Habré)," Politique internationale
     [Paris], No. 35, Spring 1987, 7-19.

Lanne, Bernard. "Les causes profondes de la crise tchadienne,"
     L'Afrique et l'Asie modernes [Paris], No. 140, Spring
     1984, 3-14.

-----. "Chad--Recent History." Pages 350-63 in Africa South of
     the Sahara, 1988. London: Europa, 1987.

-----. "Quinze ans d'ouvrages politiques sur le Tchad," Afrique
     contemporaine [Paris], No. 144, October-December 1987,
     37-47.

-----. Tchad-Libye: La querelle des frontières. Paris:
     Karthala, 1982.

Lemarchard, René. "Chad: The Misadventures of the North-South
     Dialectic," African Studies Review, 29, No. 3, 1986,
     27-41.

-----. "Chad: The Road to Partition," Current History, 83,
     No. 491, March 1984, 113-16, 132.

-----. "The Crisis in Chad." Pages 239-56 in Gerald J. Bender,
     James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar (eds.), African
     Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy. Berkeley:
     University of California Press, 1985.

-----. "Republic of Chad." Pages 184-88 in George E. Delvry (ed.),
     World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and Parties,
     1. (2d ed.) New York: Facts on File, 1987.

LeVine, Victor T. "African Patrimonial Regimes in Comparative
     Perspective," Journal of Modern African Studies
     [London], 18, No. 4, 1980, 657-73.

"Libya/Chad: A Fragile Peace," Africa Confidential
     [London], 28, No. 19, September 23, 1987, 2-4.

Michaud, Paul. "French Africa Policy: Continuity with Change,"
     New African [London], No. 227, August 1986, 18-19.

Nelson, Harold (ed.). Libya: A Country Study. Washington:
     American University, 1979.

------. Sudan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO, 1982.

Neuman, Stephanie G. "Arms, Aid, and the Superpowers," Foreign
     Affairs, 66, No. 5, Summer 1988, 1044-66.

Ngansop, Guy Jérémie. Tchad: Vingt ans de crise. Paris:
     L'Harmattan, 1986.

"OAU Summit Conference--`Col. Gaddafy's Initiative'," African
     Research Bulletin [Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom], 25,
     No. 5, June 15, 1988, 8865.

Oded, Arye (ed.). Africa and the Middle East Conflict.
     Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1987.

Olufemi, Kola. "Chad: From Civil Strife to Big Power Rivalry,"
     India Quarterly [New Delhi], 41, July-December 1985,
     376-89.

Piro, Timothy J. "France." Pages 226-49 in Bernard Reich (ed.),
     The Powers in the Middle East, New York: Praeger,
     1987.

Qadhafi, Muammar. "Qadhafi Versus Christianity in Africa: Colonel
     Muammar Qadhafi's Speech in Kigali, Rwanda, as Broadcast by
     Radio Tripoli on May 17, 1985, at the Opening of the Muslim
     Center." Pages 227-30 in Arye Oded (ed.), Africa and the
     Middle East Conflict. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner,
     1987.

Robinson, Pearl T. "Playing the Arab Card: Niger and Chad's
     Ambivalent Relations with Libya." Pages 171-84 in Bruce E.
     Arlinghaus (ed.), African Security Issues: Sovereignty,
     Stability, and Solidarity, Boulder, Colorado: Westview
     Press, 1984.

Soudan, François, and Jean-Marc Zaidi. " Tchad: Habré et la
     France," Jeune Afrique [Paris], 1385, July 22, 1987,
     22-26.

Tarantino, Mark. "Chad." Pages i-xvi, 1-12 in Albert P. Blaustein
     and Gisbert H. Flanz (eds.), Constitutions of the
     Countries of the World, 3. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana,
     1983.

Thompson, Virginia M., and Richard Adloff. Conflict in
     Chad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

"`We May Be at War, But We Are Still Trying to Improve Our Standard
     of Living'. An Interview with President Hissène Habré,"
     Courier [Brussels], No. 102, March-April 1987, 32-35.

Whiteman, Kaye. "Chad--Down But Not Out," West Africa
     [London], No. 3703, August 1, 1988, 1387-88.

------. "Chad 1987--The Year of Pushing North," West
     Africa [London], No. 3673, January 11, 1988, 34-35.

Yakpo, E.K.M. "Who Owns Aouzou?" West Africa [London], No.
     3694, May 30, 1988, 964-65.

Zartman, I. William. "Africa and the West: The French Connection."
     Pages 39-58 in Bruce E. Arlinghaus (ed.), African Security
     Issues: Sovereignty, Stability, and Solidarity, Boulder,
     Colorado: Westview Press, 1984.

   (Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Africa Economic Digest
[London]; Africa Report; African Research
Bulletin [Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom]; Africa
Today; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report:
Cameroon, CAR, Chad [London]; Foreign Broadcast Information
Service, Daily Report: Near East and South Asia;
Guardian [London]; Marchés tropicaux et
méditerranéens [Paris]; Le Monde [Paris]; New York
Times; Politique africaine [Paris]; Politique
internationale [Paris]; and Washington Post.)

Chapter 5

Amnesty International. Detentions and Arbitrary Killings in the
     Republic of Chad, 1982-83. London: 1983.

------. Emprisonnements et assassinats politiques dans le sud
     du Tchad, aout-septembre 1984. Paris: 1984.

Chad. Kadafi/Tchad: Ingérence, agression, occupation.
     Livre blanc. N'Djamena, Chad: 1987.

"Chad." Pages B357-68 in Colin Legum (ed.), Africa Contemporary
     Record, 1982-1983. New York: Africana, 1984.

"Chad." Pages B348-64 in Colin Legum (ed.), Africa Contemporary
     Record, 1983-1984. New York: Africana, 1985.

"Chad." Pages B125-32 in Colin Legum (ed.), Africa Contemporary
     Record, 1984-1985. New York: Africana, 1986.

"Colonel Spartacus" (pseud.). Opération manta: Tchad, 
     1983-84. Paris: Plon, 1985.

Cowell, Alan. "The Bitter Life of Chad," New York Times
     Magazine, September 4, 1983, 24, 26, 28-31.

Decalo, Samuel. Historical Dictionary of Chad. (2d ed).
     Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.

Foltz, William J. Chad's Third Republic: Strengths, Problems,
     and Prospects. (CSIS Africa Notes, No. 77.) Washington:
     Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1987.

Gibour, Jean. "Au Tchad, trois mois pour reconquérir le BET
     (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti)," Afrique défense [Paris],
     No. 113, August 1987, 40-47.

------. "Le conflit du Tchad," Défense nationale [Paris],
     June 1985, 127-38.

Kelley, Michael P. A State in Disarray: Conditions of Chad's
     Survival. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.

Laipson, Ellen. "Chad Crisis: Background and U.S. Policy." (Library
     of Congress, Congressional Research Service.) Washington:
     1983.

Lanne, Bernard. "Chad--Recent History." Pages 353-60 in Africa
     South of the Sahara, 1987. London: Europa, 1986.

Lemarchand, René. "Chad: The Road to Partition," Current
     History, 83, No. 491, March 1984, 113-16, 132.

------. "Chad: The Roots of Chaos," Current History, 80,
     No. 470, December 1981, 414-18, 436-38.

------. "The Crisis in Chad." Pages 239-56 in Gerald J. Bender,
     James S. Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar (eds.), African
     Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy. Berkeley:
     University of California Press, 1985.

------. "Putting the Pieces Back Together Again," Africa
     Report, 29, No. 6, November-December 1984, 60-67.

Matthews, Lloyd. "Chad." Pages 102-104 in John Keegan (ed.),
     World Armies. (2d ed.). Detroit: Gale Research, 1983.

The Military Balance, 1987-1988. London: International
     Institute for Strategic Studies, 1987.

Neuberger, Benyamin. Involvement, Invasion, and Withdrawal:
     Qadhafi's Libya and Chad, 1969-1981. (Occasional Papers,
     No. 83.) Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1982.

N'Gangbet, Michel. Peut-on encore sauver le Tchad? Paris:
     Karthala, 1984.

Rondos, Alex. "Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Chad,"
     Current History, 84, No. 502, May 1985, 209-12, 232.

------. Why Chad? (CSIS Africa Notes, No. 18.) Washington:
Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1983.

Sada, Hugo. "Habré cherche la guerre totale," Jeune
     Afrique [Paris], No. 1393, September 16, 1987, 17-19.

"Tchad: Le face-à-face franco-libyen." Pages 228-32 in L'Année
     stratégique. Paris: Editions maritimes et d'outre-mer,
     1985.

"Tchad-Libye: La bataille de Fada," Jeune Afrique [Paris],
     No. 1366, March 11, 1987, 10-16.

Thompson, Virginia M., and Richard Adloff. Conflict in
     Chad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

United States. Congress. 97th, 1st Session. House of
     Representatives. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on
     Africa. Libya-Sudan-Chad Triangle: Dilemma for United
     States Policy. (Hearings held October 29 and November 4,
     1981.) Washington: GPO, 1982.

------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
     Practices for 1986. (Report submitted to United States
     Congress, 100th, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
     Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign
     Affairs). Washington: GPO, February 1987.

------. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Chad:
     U.S. Policy. (GIST Series). Washington: 1987.

------. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. The
     Libyan Problem. (Special Report No. 111.) Washington:
     Department of State, 1983.

Yost, David S. "French Policy in Chad and the Libyan Challenge,"
     Orbis, 26, No. 4, Winter 1983, 965-97.

   (Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Africa Confidential
[London]; African Defence Journal [Paris]; Africa
Report; Africa Research Bulletin [Exeter, Devon,
United Kingdom]; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report:
Cameroon, CAR, Chad [London]; Foreign Broadcast
Information Service, Daily Report: Near East and South
Asia; Frères d'Armes [Paris]; Jane's Defence
Weekly [London]; Jeune Afrique [Paris]; Keesing's
Contemporary Archives [London]; Le Monde [Paris];
New York Times; Washington Post; and West
Africa [London]).

Appendix B

Decalo, Samuel. Historical Dictionary of Chad. (2d ed.)
     Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1987.

N'Gangbet, Michel. Peut-on encore sauver le Tchad? Paris:
     Karthala, 1984.

Rondos, Alex. Why Chad? (CSIS Africa Notes, No. 18.)
     Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies,
     1983.

Thompson, Virginia M., and Richard Adloff. Conflict in
     Chad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.