Bibliography -- Nicaragua


Chapter 1

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(The following periodicals were also used in the preparation of
this chapter: Barricada [Managua], 1990-92; Central
America Report [Guatemala], 1989-92; El Nuevo Diario
[Managua], 1990-92; Latin America Political Report
[London], 1989-92; and La Prensa [Managua], 1990-92.)

Chapter 2

Arnove, Robert R. Education and Revolution in Nicaragua.
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     Weidenfeld, 1991.

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     Nicaragua. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.

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Bradstock, Andrew. Saints and Sandinistas: The Catholic Church
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Dodson, Michael, and Laura Nuzzi O'Shaughnessy. Nicaragua's 
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Jenkins Molieri, Jorge. El desafío indígena en Nicaragua: el
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Massey, Doreen B. Nicaragua. Philadelphia: Open University
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Mexico and Central American Handbook, 1991. (Ed., Ben
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Molyneux, Maxine. "Women." Pages 145-62 in Thomas W. Walker (ed.),
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"Nicaragua: The Informal Sector in Transition." (Research paper.)
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Norsworthy, Kent. Nicaragua: A Country Guide. Albuquerque,
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O'Shaughnessy, Laura Nuzzi, and Luis H. Serra. The Church and
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     Center for International Studies, Latin American Studies
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Peachy, Paul. "Modernization and the Sociology of the Family System
     in Central America." Pages 65-82 in George F. McLean, Raul
     Molina, Timothy Ready (eds.), Culture, Human Rights, and
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Pérez Alemán, Paola. 10 Años de investigaciónes sobre la mujer
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Pérez Alemán, Paola, and Siu, Ivonne. La mujer en la economía
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Political Handbook of the World: 1991. (Ed., Arthur S.
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Programa nacional de desarrollo social y superación de la
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Rodríguez, Ileana. Obstaculos a la promoción y aplicación de la
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Sandiford, Peter. "Why Do Child Mortality Rates Fall? An Analysis
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Snarr, Neil (ed.). Sandinista Nicaragua: An Annotated
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Spalding, Rose J., (ed.). The Political Economy of
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Stoll, David. Is Latin America Turning Protestant? The Politics
     of Evangelical Growth. Berkeley: University of California
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The Statesman's Yearbook, 1990-1991. (Ed., John Paxton.)
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Stephens, Beth. "Women in Nicaragua," Monthly Review, 40,
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Strachan, Harry W. Family and Other Business Groups in Economic
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United Nations. Centro Latinamericano Demografía. Boletín
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------. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
     Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean,
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------. Statistical Office. Statistical Yearbook, 1991.
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------. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook,
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Vilas, Carlos Maria. The Sandinista Revolution: National
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------. State, Class, and Ethnicity in Nicargua: Capitalist
     Modernization and Revolutionary Change on the Atlantic
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Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua: The Land of Sandino. (3d ed.)
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.

Walker, Thomas W. (ed.). Nicaragua: The First Five Years.
     New York: Praeger, 1985.

------. Reagan Versus The Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on
     Nicaragua. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.

------. Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua.
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.

Webster's New Geographical Dictionary. Springfield,
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West, Robert, and John P. Augelli. Middle America: Its Lands
     and Peoples. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall,
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Williams, Harvey. "The Social Programs." Pages 87-93 in Thomas W.
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The World Bank. World Development Report, 1990. New York:
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------. World Development Report: The Challenge of
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    (Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Business Latin America,
1992; Business Outlook, 1991; Central America
Report [London], 1991; Christian Science Monitor,
1990; Envío [Managua], 1990-93; Latin America
Monitor [London]; Latin American Newsletter [London],
1993; Natural History; New York Times; This
Week in Central America.)

Chapter 3

The Americas Review/World of Information, 1991-92. Saffron
     Walden, Essex, United Kingdom: World of Information, 1992.

Annis, Sheldon (ed.). Poverty, Natural Resources, and Public
     Policy in Central America. New Brunswick, New Jersey:
     Transaction, 1992.

Baez, William. Nicaragua: The Informal Sector in
     Transition. Washington: Pan American Development
     Foundation, 1985.

Biondi-Morra, Brizio N. Hungry Dreams: The Failure of Food
     Policy in Revolutionary Nicaragua, 1979-90. Ithaca, New
     York: Cornell University Press, 1993.

"Bottom Line: Tough Choices for Violeta." This Week in Central
     America [Guatemala City], 17, No. 43, November 5, 1990,
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Colburn, Forrest D. Post-Revolutionary Nicaragua: State, Class,
     and the Dilemmas of Agrarian Policy. Berkeley: University
     of California Press, 1986.

Conroy, Michael. Nicaragua: Profiles of the Revolutionary
     Public Sector. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.

Crosby, Benjamin. "Central America." Pages 103-38 in Anthony Lake
     (ed.), After the Wars: Reconstruction in Afghanistan,
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     Africa. (United States-Third World Policy Perspectives
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Economic Intelligence Unit. Country Profile: Nicaragua, Costa
     Rica, Panama, 1991-92. London: 1992.

The Europa World Year Book, 1990. London: Europa, 1990.

Gibson, Bill, "The Inflation-Devaluation-Inflation Hypothesis in
     Nicaragua." Journal of Development Studies, 27, No.
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Inter-American Development Bank. Economic and Social Progress
     in Latin America: Annual Report. Washington: 1991.


International Monetary Fund, Office of Press Relations. "IMF Press
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Jenkins, Tony. The United States Embargo Against Nicaragua--One
     Year Later. Washington: Overseas Development Council, May
     1986.

Lake, Anthony (ed.). After the Wars: Reconstruction in
     Afghanistan, Indochina, Central America, Southern Africa, and
     the Horn of Africa. (United States-Third World Policy
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     Transaction, 1990.

Leiken, Robert S., and Barry Rubin (eds.). The Central American
     Crisis Reader. New York: Summit Books, 1987.

Leonard, H. Jeffrey. Environment and the Poor: Development
     Strategies for a Common Agenda. (United States-Third
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     Jersey: Transaction, 1989.

McCargar, James. "El Salvador and Nicaragua: The AFL-CIO Views on
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Nietschmann, Bernard. "The Ecology of War and Peace," Natural
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Norsworthy, Kent, and Tom Barry. Nicaragua: A Country
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Pelupessy, Wim (ed.). Perspectives on the Agro-Export Economy
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------. Embassy in Managua. 1990 Foreign Economic Trends.
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    (Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Business Latin America,
1992; Business Outlook, 1991; Central America
Report [London], 1991; Christian Science Monitor,
1990; Country Report: Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama
[London], 1991-92; Country Report: Nicaragua, Honduras
[London], 1993-94; Envío [Managua], 1990-93; Latin
America Monitor [London]; Latin American Newsletter
[London], 1993; Natural History; New York Times;
This Week in Central America.) 

Chapter 4

Banks, Arthur S., (ed.), Political Handbook of the World,
     1993. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

Barry, Tom. Central America Inside Out: The Essential Guide to
     Its Societies, Politics, and Economies. New York: Grove
     Weidenfeld, 1991. 

Bedard, Paul. "U.S. Searches for a Way to Bolster Chamorro's
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Castro, Vanessa, and Gary Prevost (eds.). The 1990 Elections in
     Nicaragua and Their Aftermath. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman
     and Littlefield, 1992.

Christian, Shirley. "Disenchanted with Chamorro, Some Contras Are
     Taking Up Arms Again," New York Times, April 22,
     1991, A3.

------. "Ex-Contras Clash with Sandinistas," New York
     Times, August 2, 1991, A3.

------. "Nicaragua Holds Suspect in Killing of Contra Chief,"
     New York Times, March 6, 1991, A3.

------. "Panicky Need for Farm Land Leads Nicaraguan Peasants into
     Fatal Clash," New York Times, March 6, 1991, A3.

------. "Victors' Lament: To the Losers Belong the Spoils," New
     York Times, June 8, 1991, A2.

Cisneros, Julio, and José Luis Abalos, (eds.). Legislación
     municipal de Nicaragua. Valencia, Spain: Generalitat
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Cody, Edward. "Up to 200 Disenchanted Contras Take Up Arms Again,"
     Washington Post, April 9, 1991, A15.

Coone, Tim. "Nicaraguan Rights Battle Turns Violent," Financial
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Dickens, Samuel T. "Assassins in Managua," New York Times,
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Dillon, Sam, and Karen Branch. "Managua: We'll Probe Contra's
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Dillon, Sam. "Sloppy Work Slows Contra Death Probe," Miami
     Herald, May 13, 1991, A1, A11.

Doherty, William C. "Nicaragua's Second Piñata,"  Wall Street
     Journal, November 22, 1991, A3.

The Europa World Year Book, 1988, 2. London: Europa, 1988.

The Europa World Year Book, 1993, 2. London: Europa, 1993.

Gilbert, Dennis L. Sandinistas: The Party and the
     Revolution. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

Hockstader, Lee. "Former Contra Rebels Take Up Arms Again in
     Nicaragua," Washington Post, June 29, 1991, A14, A16.

Howard, Jan. "Chamorro Faces New Contra Demands," Miami
     Herald, August 12, 1991, A6.

------. "Nicaraguan Economic Plan Leaves Many Unemployed,"
     Miami Herald, September 12, 1991, A12.

------. "Taiwan Gives Nicaragua Loan to Help Repay Debt," Miami
     Herald, August 27, 1991, A5.

Hull, Jennifer Bingham. "Sandinistas Opt for Stability,"
     Christian Science Monitor, July 24, 1991, 3.

Krauss, Clifford. "Chamorro Pleads with Congress for Aid," New
     York Times, April 17, 1991, A6.

Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Third
     World, 2. New York: Facts on File, 1993.

Lacayo, Antonio. "A New Nicaragua Deserves a New Reputation,"
     Wall Street Journal, April 12, 1991, 1.

Meyer, Cord. "Confrontation in Nicaragua," Washington
     Times, November 15, 1991, A3.

Oppenheimer, Andres. "Sandinistas New Careers May Refocus Their
     Politics," Miami Herald, April 2, 1991, C2.

Oquist, Paul. Dinámica socio-política de las elecciones
     Nicaragüenses de 1990. (2d ed.) Caracas: Fundación
     Friedrich Ebert, 1991.

Prevost, Gary. "The FSLN in Opposition." Pages 109-22 in Vanessa
     Castro and Gary Prevost (eds.), The 1990 Elections in
     Nicaragua and Their Aftermath. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman
     and Littlefield, 1992.

Robinson, Linda. "Nicaragua's $1 Billion Battle," U.S. News and
     World Report, III, July 29, 1991, 35-6.

Scott, David Clark. "Nicaraguan Government Seeks to Pacify Rearming
     Contras," Christian Science Monitor, August 14, 1991,
     1-2.

Serafino, Nina M. "Nicaragua Chronology since the February 25,
     1990, Elections: The Transition and President Chamorro's First
     100 Days." (Library of Congress, Congressional Research
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------. "Nicaragua's `Civic' Opposition: Players, Problems and
     Prospects." (Library of Congress, Congressional Research
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South America, Central America, and the Caribbean, 1993.
     London: Europa, 1993.

Spalding, Rose J. Capitalists and Revolution in Nicaragua:
     Opposition and Accommodation, 1979-93. Chapel Hill:
     University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

Sullivan, Mark P. "Central America and U.S. Foreign
     Assistance: Congressional Action." (Library of Congress,
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Tamayo, Juan O. "Nicaraguan Wants U.S. to Fund Sandinista Army
     Retirements," Miami Herald, June 26, 1991, A10.

Uhlig, Mark A. "Chamorro Party OKs Tough Property Law," Miami
     Herald, August 21, 1991, A8.

------. "Chamorro's Kin Moving Against Her," New York
     Times, January 12, 1991, A3.

------. "Nicaragua's Permanent Crisis: Ruling from Above and
     Below," Survival, 33, September-October 1991, 401-23.

------. "Sandinistas' Booty Sets Off a Bitter Battle in Nicaragua,"
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United States. Department of State. Communiqué of the
     International Court of Justice: Military and Paramilitary
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------. Department of State. Dispatch. Nicaraguan President's
     Visit. Washington: GPO, April 29, 1991.

Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua: The Land of Sandino. (3d ed.)
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.

    (Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Barricada [Managua];
Christian Science Monitor; Current History;
El Nuevo Diario [Managua]; Envío [Managua];
Financial Times; Foreign Broadcast Information Service,
Daily Report: Latin America; Journal of
Inter-American Studies and World Affairs; Journal of
Latin American Studies; La Prensa [Managua];
Latin American Regional Reports. Mexico and Central
America [London]; Miami Herald; New York
Times; Wall Street Journal; Washington
Times; and Washington Post.)

Chapter 5

Americas Watch. Fitful Peace: Human Rights and Reconciliation
     under the Chamorro Government. New York: 1991.

------. Human Rights in Nicaragua: August 1987-August
     1988. New York: 1988.

Booth, John A. The End and the Beginning: The Nicaraguan
     Revolution. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985.

Brás, Marisabel. "The Transformation of the Nicaraguan Army,"
     How They Fight: Armies of the World. Washington:
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Dyer, Gwynne, and Adrian English. "Nicaragua." Pages 423-6 in John
     Keegan (ed.), World Armies. Detroit: Gale Research,
     1983.

English, Adrian J. Armed Forces of Latin America. London:
     Jane's, 1984.

The Europa World Year Book, 1993, 2. London: Europa, 1993.

Gorman, Stephen M., and Thomas W. Walker. "The Armed Forces." Pages
     91-118 in Thomas W. Walker (ed.) Nicaragua: The First Five
     Years. New York: Praeger, 1985.

Gutman, Roy. Banana Diplomacy: The Making of American Policy in
     Nicaragua, 1981-87. New York: Simon and Shuster, 1988.

Jane's Fighting Ships, 1993-94. (Ed., Richard Sharp.)
     Alexandria, Virginia: Jane's, 1993.

Keegan, John (ed.). World Armies. Detroit: Gale Research,
     1993.

Kornbluh, Peter. "The Covert War." Pages 21-38 in Thomas W. Walker
     (ed.), Reagan Versus the Sandinistas: The Underclared War
     on Nicaragua. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.

McCoy, Jennifer L. "Nicaragua in Transition," Current
     History, 90, No. 554, March 1991, 117-20.

The Military Balance, 1993-94. London: Institute for
     Strategic Studies, 1993.

Montes, Julio. "Nicaragua in Crisis," Jane's Intelligence
     Review [London], 6, No. 1, January 1994, 45-7.

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     Guide. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Inter-Hemispheric
     Education Resource Center, 1990.

Political Handbook of the World, 1993. New York: McGraw
     Hill, 1993.

Rosset, Peter, and John Vandermeer (eds.). Nicaragua:
     Unfinished Revolution: The New Nicaragua Reader. New
     York: Grove Press, 1986.

United States. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World
     Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1990.
     Washington: GPO, 1991.

United States. Congress. 102th, 2d Session. Senate. Committee on
     Foreign Relations. Nicaragua Today: A Republican Staff
     Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States
     Senate. Washington: GPO, 1992.

------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
     Practices for 1990. (Report submitted to United States
     Congress, 102d, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
     Relations and the House of Representatives, Committee on
     Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1991.

------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
     Practices for 1991. (Report submitted to United States
     Congress, 102d, 2d Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
     Relations and the House of Representatives, Committee on
     Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1992.

------. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights
     Practices for 1992 (Reported submitted to United States
     Congress, 103rd, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign
     Relations and the House of Representatives, Committee on
     Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, 1993.

------. Department of State. Background Notes: Nicaragua.
     Washington: GPO, 1993.

------. Human Rights in Nicaragua under the Sandinistas: From
     Revolution to Repression. Washington: GPO, 1986.

------. Inside the Sandinista Regime: A Special Investigator's
     Perspective. Washington: GPO, 1986.

------. Nicaragua's Interior Ministry: Instrument of Political
     Consolidation. Washington: GPO, 1987.

Vanderlaan, Mary B. Revolution and Foreign Policy in
     Nicaragua. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986.

Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua: The Land of Sandino. (3d ed.)
     Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991.

Walker, Thomas W. (ed.). Nicaragua: The First Five Years.
     New York: Praeger, 1985.

------. Regan Versus the Sandinistas: The Undeclared War on
     Nicaragua. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1987.

    (Various issues of the following periodicals were also used in
the preparation of this chapter: Country Report: Nicaragua,
Honduras [London]; The Economist [London]; Facts
on File; Jane's Intelligence Review [London];
Latin American Monitor: Central America [London];
Latin American Regional Reports: Caribbean and Central American 
Report [London]; New York Times; and Washington
Post.)
 
Appendix B

Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. The Political Economy of Central America
     since 1920, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

------. Studies in the Economics of Central America. New
     York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.

Cline, William R., and Enrique Delgado (eds.). Economic
     Integration in Central America. Washington: Brookings
     Institution, 1978.

Edwards, Sebastian. "Latin American Economic Integration: A New
     Perspective on an Old Dream," The World Economy, 16,
     No. 3, May 1993, 317-37.

Salazar, José Manuel. "Present and Future Integration in Central
     America," Cepal Review, No. 42, December 1990, 157-
     80.

Secretaría Permanente del Tratado General de Integración Económica
     Centroamericana. Cuadernos de la SIECA, No. 17: 25 años de
     integración (en cifras). Guatemala City: 1986.


------. Series Estadísticas Seleccionadas de
     Centroamérica. Guatemala City, No. 24, May 1991.

    (Various issues of the following publications were also used in
the preparation of this appendix: Estadísticas analíticas
del comercio Intracentroamericano [Guatemala City]; Economist
Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Guatemala, El Salvador
[London]; Country Report: Nicaragua, Honduras, [London];
Country Report: Panama, Costa Rica [London]; Latin
American Monitor: Central America [London]; Latin American
Weekly Report [London]; Panorama Centroamericano
[Guatemala City]; and Revista de la integración y el desarollo
de Centroamérica [Tegucigalpa].)