Appendix A. Tables

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors


When you kow	Multiply by	To find
Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. Level of Education of Females Aged Fifteen and Over, 1990

Highest Level Completed	Per 100 Males		Percentage of All Females
	Urban	Rural
Higher education	89	8.3	1.8
Secondary education	150	36.0	15.8
Basic vocational education	56	16.1	16.8
Primary school	126	35.9	51.5
Did not complete primary school	181	3.7	14.1

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Sytuacja spoūeczno-zawodowa kobiet w 1990 r., Warsaw, 1990, 18.

Table 3. Marital and Family Position of Females Aged Eighteen to Fifty-Nine, 1987 and 1991

**(in percentages of age range)**
Year	Children	Total	Single	Married	Divorced	Widowed	Separated
1987	None	37.4	93.6	25.8	29.2	64.7	27.7
1991	"	37.5	94.6	25.8	32.3	68.8	18.3
1987	One	23.4	6.1	25.7	40.2	18.0	40.4
1991	"	22.4	4.7	24.2	40.4	16.2	40.9
1987	Two	25.3	0.3	31.0	22.7	12.0	29.9
1991	"	26.8	0.7	32.9	22.6	9.9	32.4
1987	Three or more	13.9	0.0	17.5	7.9	5.3	2.0
1991	"	13.3	0.0	17.1	4.7	5.1	8.4
All females
1987*	n.a.	n.a.	13.6	75.2	4.5	5.1	1.0
1991*	n.a.	n.a.	12.1	69.6	4.5	5.1	1.6

* Totals many not add to 100 because of rounding.
n.a.--not applicable.

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Sytuacja spoūeczno-zawodowa kobiet w 1991 r., Warsaw, 1991, 7.

Table 4. Housing Capacity, 1981-90

Category	1981-85*	1986- 90*	1990
Dwellings completed (in thousands)	190.9	170.0	134.2
Urban	144.8	124.5	98.8
Rural	46.1	45.5	35.4
Housing cooperatives	99.3	79.8	68.4
Privately built	54.2	56.9	47.4
Communal	2.8	5.2	3.0
Other	34.6	28.1	15.4
Rooms completed (in thousands)	740.4	698.6	567.3
Urban	535.5	486.6	396.3
Rural	204.9	212.0	171.0
Housing cooperatives	344.8	292.0	254.6
Privately built	266.1	291.6	248.0
Communal	9.1	17.1	10.0
Other	130.4	97.9	54.7
Average useful floor space per dwelling (in square meters)	67.1	74.1	77.2
Urban	60.4	66.8	69.6
Rural	88.0	93.9	98.4
Housing cooperatives	53.4	57.9	59.4
Privately owned	99.9	106.5	109.9
Communal	52.2	54.0	56.8

*Annual averages.

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1991, Warsaw, 1991, 114-15.

Table 5. Religious Instruction in Primary and Secondary Schools, 1991

Level of Education	Percentage of Total Receiving Instruction	Non-Roman Catholic Students Receiving Instruction	Total
Primary
Urban	97.9	26,600	5,161,200
Rural	99.3	15,800	1,868,300
All primary	95.8	42,400	7,029,500
Secondary
College preparatory	92.2	1,900	409,300
Vocational	88.5	2,600	551,100
All secondary	90.1	4,500	960,400

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1991, Warsaw, 1991, 128.

Table 6. Schools, Students, and Teachers by Level of Education, 1981, 1986, and 1991

Level of Education	1981	1986	1991
Schools
Primary1	13,524	17,013	18,501
College preparatory secondary2	1,230	1,131	1,334
Vocational secondary	5,977	4,801	5,190
Postsecondary	1,272	960	893
Students
Primary1	4,259,800	4,897,600	5,276,400
College preparatory secondary2	415,000	382,900	493,600
Vocational secondary	909,000	634,800	795,000
Postsecondary	589,200	435,700	502,600
Graduates
Primary	494,800	503,200	590,400
College preparatory secondary	105,300	85,800	99,900
Vocational secondary	207,100	127,500	150,600
Postsecondary	141,600	97,000	91,800
Teachers
Primary	204,300	277,900	328,900
College preparatory
secondary	22,900	22,300	25,100
Vocational, all levels	77,400	80,200	85,700
Postsecondary	54,700	57,300	62,100

1 In 1991 eighty-six nonpublic primary schools enrolled 4,800 students.
2 In 1991 ninety-three nonpublic college preparatory secondary schools enrolled 6,700 students.

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1991, Warsaw, 1991, 128.

Table 7. Foreign-Language Instruction in Primary and Secondary Schools, 19911

		Secondary 2
Language	Primary 2	College Preparatory	Vocational	Total
Required
English	5.0	52.6	17.5	627,600
French	0.8	16.2	5.0	147,400
German	3.7	44.1	31.7	628,200
Russian	40.6	85.6	73.0	3,648,300
Other	0.0	8.9	4.5	68,800
Elective
English	5.8	0.5	5.7	339,500
French	0.7	0.1	1.3	44,600
German	3.8	0.3	10.0	263,900
Other	0.7	6.6	1.5	81,900

1 Excludes special schools.
2 In percentages.

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1991, Warsaw, 1991, 128.

Table 8. Incidence of Selected Diseases and Disability Days Caused, 1980, 1985, and 1989

Category	1980	1985	1989
Incidence of selected diseases
Tuberculosis	25,807	21,650	16,185
Venereal diseases	42,370	14,973	10,399
Influenza	1,410,357	2,309,875	1,642,126
Cancer	64,959	76,938	82,494
Mental and nervous conditions	155,317	150,596	145,756
Disability days caused by disease (per 100 employees)
Respiratory system	350.7	382.4	420.1
Circulatory system	207.2	196.1	215.2
Nervous system	163.4	186.5	230.4
Bone, muscle, or connective tissue	158.3	168.9	203.0

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1991, Warsaw, 1991, 121.

Table 9. Medical Personnel, 1980, 1985, and 1990

Category	1980	1985	1990
Physicians	63,550	73,172	81,674
Dentists	16,834	17,440	18,219
Hospital attendants	3,747	3,244	2,708
Nurses	156,975	179,727	207,654
Midwives	15,092	19,850	23,868

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1991, Warsaw, 1991, 117.

Table 10. Medical Facilities, 1980, 1985, and 1990

Category	1980	1985	1990
Dispensaries
Regional	n.a.	2,322	2,410
Industrial	2,481	2,469	2,450
Cooperative	418	377	316
Other	3,019	1,237	1,383
Total dispensaries	5,918	6,405	6,559
Health service centers	3,218	3,283	3,328
Beds
General hospitals	200,752	210,611	217,717
Mental hospitals	36,535	34,381	33,135
Delivery rooms	1,968	1,487	811
Tuberculosis sanitoriums	8,850	8,850	5,977
Alcoholism treatment centers	755	946	750
Drug addiction treatment centers	n.a.	44	504
Total beds	248,860	256,319	258,894
First aid sections	397	404	412
Emergency stations	49	53	61
Ambulances	4,784	4,635	4,814
Hospital aircraft	75	78	69

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 1991, Warsaw, 1991, 118-19.

Table 11. Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 1984-90

	Live Births			Deaths
Year	Number	Per 1,000 Population	Marriages	Number	Per 1,000 Population
1984	699,041	18.9	285,258	364,862	9.9
1985	677,576	18.2	266,816	381,457	10.3
1986	634,748	17.0	257,887	376,316	10.1
1987	605,492	16.1	252,819	378,365	10.1
1988	587,741	15.5	246,791	370,821	9.8
1989	562,530	14.8	255,643	381,173	10.0
1990	545,800	14.3	255,369	388,440	10.2

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book, 1991, 2, London, 1991, 2252.

Table 12. Civilian Labor Force by Type of Occupation, 1987, 1988, and 1989

Type of Occupation	1987	1988	1989
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing	5,059,000	4,923,900	4,729,500
Mining and quarrying	612,900	609,800	614,700
Manufacturing	4,710,800	4,684,900	4,630,600
Construction	1,457,600	1,471,400	1,418,300
Trade, restaurants, and hotels	1,816,300	1,808,600	1,787,000
Transportation, storage, and communications	1,378,500	1,367,600	1,303,200
Community, social, and personal services	2,860,900	2,917,200	3,066,600
Other	700,200	690,700	814,100
TOTAL	18,596,200	18,474,100	18,364,000

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book, 1992, 2, London, 1992, 2252.

Table 13. Selected Balance of Payments Data in Transferable Rubles, Selected Years, 1985-91

**(in millions)**
	1985	1987	1989	1991*
Merchandise exports	9,073	10,665	11,320	1,236
Merchandise imports	-10,303	-11,219	-10,342	-816
Balance of trade	-1,230	-554	978	420
Balance of services	319	373	427	n.a.
Interest payments	-1,097	-424	-1,104	n.a.

n.a.--not available.
* Through November 1991.

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Rocznik statystyczny handlu zagranicznego, Warsaw, 1989, 88; Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Rocznik statystyczny handlu zagranicznego, Warsaw, 1989, 88; and ūycie gospodarczū, No. 14, 1992, 12.

Table 14. Selected Balance of Payments Data in Convertible Currencies, Selected Years, 1985-91

**(in millions)**
	1985	1987	1989	1991
Merchandise exports	5,768	6,920	8,113	12,760
Merchandise imports	-4,594	-5,878	-7,987	- 12,709
Balance of trade	1,174	1,042	126	51
Balance of services	-17	-37	-211	236
Cost of credits	-2,444	-2,804	-3,069	- 2,863
Current account balance	-523	-392	-1,922	- 1,359

Table 15. Industrial Output and Consumer Price Index, July 1990 to November 1991

Month	Output*	Consumer Price Index
July 1990	87.8	103.4
August 1990	107.6	103.6
September 1990	108.0	104.6
October 1990	100.4	105.7
November 1990	100.0	104.9
December 1990	103.2	105.9
January 1991	82.4	112.7
February 1991	100.8	106.7
March 1991	100.1	104.5
April 1991	91.7	102.7
May 1991	98.4	102.7
June 1991	102.2	104.9
July 1991	87.9	100.1
August 1991	105.9	100.6
September 1991	103.5	104.3
October 1991	101.5	103.2
November 1991	105.9	103.2

* The figure for each month is the percentage of the previous month.

Source: Based on information from Jan Winiecki, "The Polish Transition Programme: Underpinnings, Results, Interpretations," Soviet Studies [Glasgow], 44, No. 5, 1992, 814.

Table 16. Unemployment Rate by Age-Groupand Sex, Summer 1992

**(in percentages)**
Age- Group	Males	Females	Total
18 and over	12.0	14.0	13.0
18-19	32.0	37.5	34.0
20-24	25.0	28.0	26.0
25-29	14.5	18.0	16.0
30-34	9.5	17.0	13.0
35-44	9.5	12.0	10.5
45 and over	7.0	7.0	7.0

Source: Based on information from Antoni Kowalik, "`Bluebirds' or Voluntarily Unemployed?" Rzeczpospolita [Warsaw], September 4, 1992, Joint Publications Research Service, JPRS Report: East Europe (JPRS-EER-92-146.), October 16, 1992, 29.

Table 17. Output of Selected Engineering Products,Selected Years, 1980-91

Product	1980	1985	1989	19 91
Automobiles (in thousands of units)	351	283	285	167
Trucks (in thousands of units)	61	54	51	n.a.
Tractors (in thousands of units)	58	59	48	18
Train passenger cars (single units)	328	350	230	n.a.
Television sets (in thousands of units)	900	610	772	443
Radios (in thousands of units)	2,695	2,690	2,523	n.a.
Washing machines (in thousands of units)	809	739	811	335
Metallurgical machines (in thousands of tons)	60	28	30	n.a.
Agricultural machines (in thousands of tons)	343	460	381	n.a.

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Poland, Gūĸwny Urzūd Statystyczny, Rocznik statystyczny, 1990, Warsaw, 1990, 267-69.

Table 18. Principal Agricultural Products, 1988, 1989, and 1990

**(in thousands of tons)**
Crop	1988	1989	1990
Potatoes	34,707	34,390	36,313
Sugar beet	14,069	14,374	16,721
Wheat	7,582	8,462	9,026
Rye	5,501	6,216	6,044
Barley	3,804	3,909	4,217
Mixed grains	3,387	3,466	3,554
Oats	2,222	2,185	2,119
Cabbages	1,574	1,617	1,749
Apples	1,393	1,312	812
Rapeseed	1,199	1,586	1,206

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book, 1992, 2, London, 1992, 2253.

Table 19. Principal Trading Partners, 1988, 1989, and 1990

(in millions of zloty)1

Country	1988	1989	1990
Imports
Soviet Union	1,228,447	2,608,802	15,369,501
West Germany	687,142	2,337,781	15,586,5652
Czechoslovakia	335,978	846,166	2,761,817
East Germany	264,990	662,884
Switzerland	239,866	782,392	4,988,089
Austria	230,123	886,892	4,403,499
Britain	221,728	663,918	4,382,049
Other	2,064,039	6,075,340	30,028,335
Total imports	5,272,313	14,864,175	77,519,855
Exports
Soviet Union	1,474,580	4,048,255	19,767,703
West Germany	747,156	2,757,736	32,502,8402
Czechoslovakia	359,139	1,075,301	5,282,084
Britain	301,766	1,262,563	9,227,183
East Germany	264,251	815,520
Austria	183,865	690,865	4,988,514
Switzerland	153,738	504,375	6,078,434
Other	2,527,250	8,321,559	51,608,189
Total exports	6,011,745	19,476,174	129,454,947

1 For value of the zloty--see Glossary.
2 1990 figures combine West Germany and East Germany.

Source: Based on information from The Europa World Year Book, 1992, 2, London, 1992, 2256.

Table 20. Election Results for Sejm and Senate, 1991

Party or Coalition	Percentage of Sejm Seats	Number of Senate Seats
Alliance of the Democratic Left	13.0	4
Center Alliance	9.6	9
Christian Democracy	1.1	1
Christian National Union	10.7	9
Confederation for an Independent Poland	10.9	4
Democratic Union	13.5	21
German Minority	1.5	1
Liberal-Democratic Congress	8.0	6
Party of Christian Democrats	0.9	3
Peasant Alliance	6.1	7
Polish Peasant Party	10.4	8
Solidarity	5.9	11
Parties with single seats in Senate	2.4	16
Parties with no seats in Senate	6.1	0
TOTAL	100.0	100

* Figures do not add to totals because of rounding.

Source: Based on information from Louisa Vinton, "Poland's New Election Law: Fewer Parties, Same Impasse?" RFE/RL Research Report [Munich], 2, No. 28, July 9, 1993, 10.

Table 21. Naval Craft and Personnel, Selected Years, 1970-95

Category	1970	1980	1985	1 990	1995*
Destroyers and frigates	3	1	1	2	2
Submarines	6	4	3	3	3
Missile craft	12	29	20	11	0
Corvettes	0	0	2	4	5
Patrol boats	64	25	8	8	8
Mine countermeasures	51	44	49	32	26
Amphibious craft	16	23	23	26	5
Personnel	20,000	25,000	19,100	19,300	10,000

* Projected.

Source: Based on information from John L. Green, "The Baltic: A Sea in Transition," Monterey, California, 1991, 80.

Table 22. Declared Holdings of the Polish Army and Arms Limitations According to the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, 1991

Category	Holdings	Arms Limitations
Battle tanks	2,850	1,730
Armored combat vehicles	2,377	2,150
Artillery	2,300	1,610
Combat aircraft	551	460
Attack helicopters	29	130

Source: Based on information from Jane's Defence Weekly [Coulsdon, United Kingdom], 16, No. 1, July 6, 1991, 18-19.