Turkey

Table 1. Metric Conversion Coefficients and Factors

When you know	Multiply by	To find

Millimeters	0.04	inches
Centimeters	0.39	inches
Meters	3.3	feet
Kilometers	0.62	miles
Hectares	2.47	acres
Square kilometers	0.39	square miles
Cubic meters	35.3	cubic feet
Liters	0.26	gallons
Kilograms	2.2	pounds
Metric tons	0.98	long tons
	1.1	short tons
	2,204.0	pounds
Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)	1.8 and add 32	degrees Fahrenheit

Table 2. The House of Osman: Sultans of the Ottoman Empire, 1281-1922

Name	Lineage	Reigned
Osman I	Son of the gazi Ertugrul	1281-1324
Orhan	Son of Osman	1324-60
Murad I	Son of Orhan	1360-89
Bayezid I2	Son of Murad I	1389-1402
Süleyman	Son of Bayezid I	1402-11
Musa2	Son of Bayezid I	1411-13
Mehmet I2	Son of Bayezid I	1413-21
Murad II	Son of Mehmet I	1421-44, 1446-51
Mehmet II	Son of Murad II	1444-46, 1451-81
Bayezid II	Son of Mehmet II	1481-1512
Selim I	Son of Bayezid II	1512-20
Süleyman I	Son of Selim I	1520-66
Selim II	Son of Süleyman I	1566-74
Murad III	Son of Selim II	1574-95
Mehmet III	Son of Murad III	1595-1603
Ahmet I	Son of Mehmet III	1603-17
Mustafa I	Son of Ahmet I	1617-18
Osman II	Son of Ahmet I	1618-22
Mustafa I	Son of Ahmet I	1622-23
Murad IV	Nephew of Mustafa I	1623-40
Ibrahim	Brother of Murad IV	1640-48
Mehmet IV	Son of Ibrahim	1648-87
Süleyman II	Son of Ibrahim	1687-91
Ahmet II	Son of Ibrahim	1691-95
Mustafa II	Son of Mehmet IV	1695-1703
Ahmet III	Son of Mehmet IV	1703-30
Mahmud I	Son of Mustafa II	1730-54
Osman III	Son of Mustafa II	1754-57
Mustafa III	Son of Ahmet III	1757-74
Abdül Hamid I	Brother of Mustafa III	1774-89
Selim III	Nephew of Abdül Hamid I	1789-1807
Mustafa IV	Cousin of Selim III	1807-08
Mahmud II	Brother of Mustafa IV	1808-39
Abdülmecid I	Son of Mahmud II	1839-61
Abdülaziz	Son of Mahmud II	1861-76
Murad V	Son of Abdülmecid I	1876
Abdül Hamid II	Son of Abdülmecid I	1876-1909
Mehmet V	Son of Abdülmecid I	1909-18
Mehmet VI	Son of Abdülmecid I	1918-22

Table 3. Presidents and Prime Ministers, 1920-95

President	Prime Minister	Period in Office
	Atatürk	May 1920-January 1921
	Fevzi Çakmak1	January 1921-July 1922
	Rauf Orbay1	July 1922-August 1923
	Fethi Okyar1	August-October 1923
Atatürk (1923-38)	Ismet Inönü (CHP)	November 1923-November 1924
	Fethi Okyar (Progressive Republican Party)	November 1924-March 1925
	Ismet Inönü (CHP)	March 1925-October 1937
Ismet Inönü (1938-50)	Celal Bayar (CHP)	October 1937-January 1939
	Refik Saydam (CHP)	January 1939-July 1942
	Sükrü Saraçoglu (CHP)	July 1942-August 1946
	Recep Peker (CHP)	August 1946-September 1947
	Hasan Saka (CHP)	September 1947-January 1949
	Semsettin Günaltay (CHP)	January 1949-May 1950
Celal Bayar (1950-60)	Adnan Menderes (DP)	May 1950-May 1960
Cemal Gürsel (1960-66)	Cemal Gürsel	May 1960-November 1961
	Ismet Inönü (CHP)	November 1961-February 1965
	Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (Independent)	February-October 1965
	Süleyman Demirel (AP)	October 1965-March 1971
Cevdet Sunay (1966-73)	Nihat Erim (Independent)	March 1971-April 1972
	Ferit Melen (NRP)	April 1972
	Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (Independent)	April-May 1972
	Ferit Melen (NRP)	May 1972-April 1973
	Naim Talu (Independent)	April 1973-January 1974
Fahri Korutürk (1973-80)	Bülent Ecevit (CHP)	January-November 1974
	Sadi Irmak (Independent)	November 1974-March 1975
	Süleyman Demirel (AP)	March 1975-January 1978
	Bülent Ecevit (CHP)	January 1978-October 1979
	Süleyman Demirel (AP)	October 1979-September 1980
Kenan Evren (1980-89)	Bülent Ulusu (appointed)	September 1980-December 1983
	Turgut Özal (ANAP)	December 1983-October 1989
	Ali Bozer 6 (ANAP)	October-November 1989
Turgut Özal (1989-93)	Yildirim Akbulut (ANAP)	November 1989-June 1991
	Mesut Yilmaz (ANAP)	June-November 1991
	Süleyman Demirel (DYP)	November 1991-May 1993
	Erdal Inönü	May-June 1993
Süleyman Demirel 1993-	Tansu Çiller (DYP)	June 1993-

Table 4. Population by Age-Group, 1980, 1990, and 2000 (in percentages)

Age-Group	1980	1990	2000
0-14	39.2	34.8	31.8
15-64	56.1	61.2	62.6
Over 65	4.7	4.2	5.6
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0

Source: Based on information from The Dorling Kindersley World Reference Atlas, New York, 1994, 546

Table 5. Economically Active Population by Sector, Selected Years, 1970-93 (in thousands of workers over age fifteen)

Sector	1970	1980	1990	1993
Agriculture, fishing, and forestry	8,237	8,353	8,723	8,397
Construction	665	895	973	1,141
Manufacturing	1,343	2,057	2,553	2,693
Mining	156	188	202	131
Trade and hotels	886	1,429	2,093	2,338
Transportation and communications	417	612	808	898
Other, including services	1,330	2,168	3,012	3,104
Total civilian employment	13,034	15,702	18,364	18,702
Unemployment	871	1,376	1,590	1,530
Unemployment rate (in percentages)	6.3	8.1	8.0	7.6
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE	13,905	17,078	19,954	20,232

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 9.

Table 6. Summary of Consolidated Budget, 1988-93 (in billions of Turkish lira)

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
Revenues
Tax revenues	14,232	25,550	45,399	78,643	141,602	264,273
Non-tax revenues	3,355	5,819	11,174	18,104	32,622	87,119
Total revenues	17,587	31,369	56,573	96,747	174,224	351,392
Expenditures
Current expenditures	7,460	16,660	33,452	60,403	114,221	204,829
Investments	3,564	5,818	10,055	17,146	29,239	53,161
Transfers to SEEs	1,025	1,223	1,265	12,191	8,145	25,850
Interest payments	4,998	8,259	13,966	24,073	40,298	116,470
Other transfers	4,420	6,911	9,789	16,450	29,755	89,939
Total expenditures	21,447	38,871	68,527	130,263	221,658	485,249
Budget balance	-3,860	-7,502	-11,954	-33,516	-47,434	-133,857
Deferred minus advanced payments	-81	-639	-400	90	-12,005	7,754
Cash balance	-3,941	-8,141	-12,354	-33,426	-59,439	-126,103
Long-term borrowing (net)	2,609	5,578	7,983	4,200	19,446	51,197
Short-term borrowing (net)	1,064	1,452	2,263	23,509	41,372	75,251
Other (including errors and omissions)	268	1,111	2,108	5,717	-1,379	-345

Table 7. Production of Major Agricultural Commodities, 1987-92 (in thousands of tons)

Commodity	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Cereals
Wheat	18,932	20,500	16,200	20,000	20,400	19,318
Barley	6,900	7,500	4,500	7,300	7,800	6,900
Corn	2,600	2,000	2,000	2,100	2,100	2,100
Rye	385	280	191	240	250	225
Oats	325	276	216	270	255	250
Rice	165	158	181	230	200	215
Total cereals	29,307	30,714	23,288	30,140	31,005	29,008
Industrial crops
Sugar beets	12,717	11,534	10,929	13,986	15,097	14,800
Cotton (lint)	537	657	565	655	539	605
Tobacco	177	212	270	288	243	320
Total industrial crops	13,431	12,403	11,764	14,929	15,879	15,725
Oilseeds
Sunflower seed	1,100	1,150	1,250	860	800	950
Cottonseed	859	1,051	904	1,702	1,401	1,573
Sesame seed	43	45	37	39	43	34
Total oilseeds	2,002	2,246	2,191	2,601	2,244	2,557
Vegetables, fruits, and nuts
Potatoes	4,300	4,350	4,080	4,300	4,600	4,500
Grapes	3,300	3,350	3,430	3,500	3,600	3,460
Oranges	700	740	740	739	835	824
Olives	600	1,100	500	1,100	640	750
Lemons	340	360	335	357	429	420
Hazelnuts (in shell)	280	353	456	375	315	520
Raisins	105	129	138	135	130	120
Dried figs	45	50	50	45	45	35
Olive oil	100	90	72	110	96	n.a.
Total vegetables, fruits, and nuts	9,770	10,522	9,801	10,661	10,690	10,629

n.a.--not available.

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-95, London, 1994, 24.

Table 8. Energy Production, 1988-92 (in thousands of tons unless otherwise indicated)

	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Total coal (including lignite)	11,530	12,940	12,550	11,880	12,210
Crude petroleum	2,564	2,876	3,720	4,537	4,584
Main petroleum products	19,265	17,789	18,563	18,409	18,811
Electricity (in thousands of kilowatt hours)	48	52	58	58	67

Source: Based on information from Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 28; and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 1991-1992, Paris, 1994, 170.

Table 9. Exports by Commodity, 1987-92 (in millions of United States dollars)

	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Agricultural products
Cereals	266	441	315	342	287	419
Hazelnuts	391	359	266	456	366	291
Other fruits and vegetables	409	508	523	612	721	692
Cotton	20	141	160	191	193	46
Tobacco	314	266	480	419	564	309
Other industral crops and forestry products	97	289	53	57	284	268
Live animals and sea products	356	337	330	272	268	178
Total agricultural products	1,853	2,341	2,127	2,349	2,683	2,203
Mineral products	272	377	413	331	286	265
Processed and manufactured products
Processed agricultural products	954	885	918	940	1,212	1,337
Textiles and clothing	2,707	3,201	3,505	4,060	4,328	5,268



Hides and leather	722	514	604	747	620	568
Chemicals	527	734	774	616	464	491
Petroleum products	232	331	254	287	277	231
Glass and ceramics	205	233	258	329	359	395
Iron and steel	852	1,458	1,349	1,612	1,452	1,558
Metal products and machinery	788	383	219	230	265	398
Electrical equipment and products	293	294	234	438	533	591
Other	785	911	972	1,020	1,119	1,410
Total processed and manufactured products	8,065	8,944	9,087	10,279	10,629	12,247
TOTAL	10,190	11,662	11,627	12,959	13,598	14,715

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 96; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-95, London, 1994, 43.

Table 10. Imports by Commodity, 1987-92 (in millions of United States dollars)

Commodity	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992
Agricultural products and livestock	782	499	1,041	1,323	813	1,184
Mineral products
Oil
Crude oil	2,711	2,434	2,456	3,817	2,794	2,894
Oil products	245	343	522	805	962	865
Total oil	2,956	2,777	2,980	4,622	3,756	3,759
Other	444	427	448	172	198	161
Total mineral products	3,400	3,204	3,426	4,794	3,954	3,920
Processed and manufactured products
Processed agricultural products	720	738	843	1,162	989	935
Manufactured products
Chemicals	1,685	1,781	1,710	2,451	2,463	2,624
Rubber and plastics	488	525	485	807	848	986
Iron and steel	1,537	1,655	2,217	1,932	2,009	2,118
Non ferrous metals	418	412	421	537	452	426
Electrical appliances	940	1,075	1,028	1,580	1,877	1,762
Motor vehicles	540	690	790	1,590	1,540	2,221
Other machinery	974	635	370	585	342	61
Other industrial products	2,799	3,121	3,461	5,541	5,760	6,635
Total manufactured prod- ucts	9,381	9,894	10,482	15,023	15,291	16,833
Total processed and manufactured prod-ucts	10,101	10,632	11,325	16,185	16,280	17,768
TOTAL	14,283	14,335	15,792	22,302	21,047	22,872

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 97; and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Turkey, 1994-95, London, 1994, 44.

Table 11. Major Trading Partners, 1988-95

Country	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993
EXPORTS
OECD countries
EU countries
Britain	576	616	744	676	796	835
France	499	595	737	689	809	771
Germany	2,178	2,196	3,076	3,413	3,660	3,654
Italy	955	978	1,106	972	943	750
Other	920	1,047	1,241	1,292	1,393	1,283
Total EU	5,128	5,432	6,904	7,042	7,601	7,293
Japan	209	233	239	226	162	158
Switzerland	265	174	293	246	223	216
United States	761	971	968	913	865	986
Other OECD	374	391	417	430	496	420
Total OECD	6,737	7,201	8,821	8,857	9,346	9,072
Central and East European countries	520	923	829	1,053	1,217	1,670
Middle East and North Africa
Iran	546	561	495	487	455	290
Iraq	986	445	215	122	212	160
Other	1,924	1,798	1,742	2,085	2,096	2,293
Total Middle East and North Africa	3,456	2,804	2,452	2,694	2,763	2,743
Other	949	699	855	989	1,388	1,863
TOTAL EXPORTS	11,662	11,627	12,957	13,593	14,715	15,349

IMPORTS
OECD countries
EU countries
Britain	739	728	1,014	1,166	1,187	1,546
France	829	745	1,340	1,227	1,351	1,952
Germany	2,067	2,225	3,523	3,232	3,754	4,533
Italy	1,006	1,071	1,727	1,845	1,919	2,558
Other	1,267	1,307	1,750	1,753	1,838	2,361
Total EU	5,908	6,076	9,354	9,223	10,049	12,950
Japan	555	530	1,120	1,092	1,113	1,621
Switzerland	344	412	537	489	688	651
United States	1,520	2,094	2,282	2,255	2,601	3,351
Other OECD	924	822	958	1,013	972	1,402
Total OECD	9,251	9,934	14,251	14,072	15,423	19,975
Central and East European coutnries	857	1,124	1,947	1,875	2,094	3,253

Middle East and North Africa
Iran	660	233	492	91	365	667
Iraq	1,441	1,650	1,047	0	1	0
Other	740	947	2,120	2,890	2,872	2,573
Total Middle East and North Africa	2,841	2,830	3,659	2,981	3,238	3,240
Other	1,391	1,902	2,445	2,119	2,116	2,961
TOTAL IMPORTS	14,340	15,790	22,302	21,047	22,871	29,429

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-opearation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 99.

Table 12. Summary of Balance of Payments, Selected Years, 1985-93 (in millions of United States dollars)

	1985	1987	1989	1991	1993
Exports (f.o.b.)	8,255	10,322	11,780	13,667	15,610
Imports (f.o.b.)	-11,230	-13,551	15,999	21,007	29,772
Trade balance	-2,975	-3,229	-4,219	-7,340	-14,162
Services	22	33	1,622	2,499	4,014
Private transfers (net)	1,762	2,066	3,135	2,854	3,085
Official transfers (net)	222	324	423	2,245	73
Current account balance	-969	-806	961	258	-6,990
Private long-term capital (net)	856	1,388	2,456	1,562	6,839
Official long-term capital (net)	-594	453	-1,092	-939	-930
Capital account balance	262	1,841	1,364	623	5,909
Balance of payments	-707	1,035	2,325	881	1,081
Change in reserves	-361	137	2,471	-1,197	308

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 100.

Table 13. Major Army Equipment, 1994

Type and Description	Country of Origin	In Inventory
Tanks
Leopard	Germany	397
M-48	United States	3,004
M-60	-do-	932
Armored vehicles
Infantry fighting vehicles	Turkey/United States	65
Armored personnel carriers
M-113	United States	2,815
IAPC	United States/Turkey	125
BTR 60	Russia	300
AWC	Turkey	345
Self-propelled guns and howitzers
105mm: M-52A1 and M-108	United States	389
155mm: M-44	-do-	168
175mm: M-107	-do-	36
203mm: M-55 and M-110	-do-	228
Towed artillery
105mm: M-101A1 and others	-do-	640
150mm: Skoda	Czechoslovakia	161
155mm: M-114A1 and M-59	United States	613
203mm: M-115	-do-	162
Mortars
107mm: M-30, some self-propelled	-do-	1,265
120mm: various	United States/Germany/France	578
81mm: various, including self-propelled	-do-	3,175
Multiple rocket launchers
227mm: MLRS	United States/Turkey	12
107mm	United States	23
Antitank guided weapons
Milan	France	392
Cobra	Germany	186
TOW self-propelled	United States	365
Helicopters
Cobra AH-1W/P	-do-	38
S-70A Sikorsky	United States	8
AB-204 Agusta Bell	Italy	14
AB-205 Agusta Bell	-do-	64
AB-212 Agusta Bell	-do-	2
UH-1H Iroquois	United States	96

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 66-67

Table 14. Major Air Force Equipment, 1994

Type and Description	Country of Origin	In Inventory
Fighter-bombers and fighter-ground attack
F-16C/D	United States/Turkey	138
F-5A/B	United States	195
F-4E	-do-	152
F-104G	Various NATO	24
Reconnaissance (armed)
RF-5A	United States	20
RF-4E	-do-	26
Transports
C-130E Hercules	-do-	13
C-160D Transall	Germany	19
CN-235	Spain/Turkey	52
Helicopters
UH-1H Blackhawk utility	United States	21
Surface-to-air missile launchers
Nike-Hercules	-do-	128
Rapier	Britain	24

Source: Based on information from The Military Balance, 1994-1995, London, 1994, 68.

Table 15. Major Naval Equipment, 1994

Type and Description	Country of Origin	In Inventory
Destroyers
Gearing-class	United States	8
Carpenter-class	-do-	2
Sumner-class	-do-	1
Frigates
MEKO-200 with Sub Harpoon SSM	Germany	4
MEKO-200	Turkey	4 (on order)
Berk-class	-do-	2
Koln-class	Germany	2
Knox-class with Sub Harpoon SSM	United States	8
Submarines
Guppy-class	-do-	7
Type-209/1200	Germany/Turkey	6
Type-209/1400	Turkey	2
Tang-class	United States	2
Fast-attack craft
Dogan-class (Lurssen 57) with Harpoon SSM	Germany/Turkey	8
Kartal-class (Jaguar) with Penguin SSM	Germany	8
Yildiz-class	Turkey	2 (on order)
Patrol craft
Coastal and inshore	United States/Germany/Turkey	29
Minelayers	United States/Denmark	3
Minesweepers	United States/France/Canada	26
Amphibious
Landing ships, tank	United States/Turkey	7
Landing craft, tank	Turkey	35
Landing craft, utility	-do-	2
Landing craft, mechanized	-do-	22
Naval Aviation
Agusta-Bell AB-212 ASW shipborne helicopters	Italy	14
Grumman ST-2E Tracker ASW search	United States	14

Source: Based on information from Jane's Fighting Ships, 1994-95, London, 1994, 704-22.

1.Date of beginning of reign is approximate.

2.The period 1403-13, during which the sons of Bayezid I contested succession to the sultanate, is cited as an interregnum by many sources. Other sources date the beginning of the reign of Mehmet I from 1403.

3.Süleyman II in some sources.

4.Süleyman III in some sources.

5.Sultanate abolished 1922; Abdülmecid II (brother of Mehmet VI) remained as caliph 1922-24.

6.President of the Grand National Assembly.

7.CHP--Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People's Party).

8.DP--Demokrat Partisi (Democrat Party).

9.Interim government under Committee of National Unity.

10.AP--Adalet Partisi (Justice Party).

11.Acting prime minister.

12.NRP--National Reliance Party.

13.Evren functioned as head of the National Security Council, or de facto chief of state, from September 1980 to November 1982.

14.ANAP--Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party).

15.DYP--Dogru Yol Partisi (True Path Party).

16.Caretaker prime minister.

17.Projected.

18.Figures may not add to totals because of rounding.

19.For value of the Turkish lira--see Glossary.

20.SEEs--State Economic Enterprises.

Source: Based on information from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmnent, OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey, 1995, Paris, 1995, 105.

21.C.I.F.--Cost, insurance, and freight.

22.OECD--Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

23.EU--European Union.

24f.o.b.--free on board.